The compounds effects on SARS-CoV2 were determined on viral entry, replication, and assembly by using plaque reduction assay, qPCR, and ELISA techniques. The in vitro effect of different ZnO/CGA-NPs concentrations on papain-like protease (PLpro) and spike protein- receptor-binding domain (RBD) was measured by ELISA technique. The facile mixing method was utilized to prepare ZnO/CGA-NPs. The study purpose was to compare the anti- the novel coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19) property of chlorogenic acid (CGA) and Zinc oxide nanoparticles (ZnO-NP) with the new valid synthesized complex of ZnO /CGA-NPs. This article provides a brief outline of the processes of new drug discovery and development. On an average, a million molecules screened but only a single is explored in late stage clinical trials and is finally made obtainable for patients. It takes about 12 - 15 years from discovery to the approved medicine and requires an investment of about US $1 billion. From initial discovery to a marketable medicine is a long, challenging task. One overall theme of our article is that the process is sufficiently long, complex, and expensive so that many biological targets must be considered for every new medicine ultimately approved for clinical use and new research tools may be needed to investigate each new target. New drug development process must continue through several stages in order to make a medicine that is safe, effective, and has approved all regulatory requirements. Once a compound has shown its significance in these investigations, it will initiate the process of drug development earlier to clinical trials.
This process involves the identification of candidates, synthesis, characterization, validation, optimization, screening and assays for therapeutic efficacy. Drug discovery is a process which aims at identifying a compound therapeutically useful in curing and treating disease.
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